Environmental Studies/Economics Combined Major B.A.

• Information and Policies
• Requirements and Planners

Information and Policies

Introduction Expand and Collapse

This major provides students with the basic tools of economic analysis and an understanding of the mechanics of resource production, conservation, and use, in both ecological and economic terms.

Students interested in the available concentrations should pursue the environmental studies B.A. degree. This does not apply to students who declared a combined major and concentration in agroecology and sustainable food systems prior to 2019.

Program Learning Outcomes Expand and Collapse

Students graduating with a B.A. degree in environmental studies/economics combined will be able to:

• Identify the societal (social, political, economic and ethical) agents and structures that contribute to environmental change. (social science competency)

• Describe the structure and functioning of major physical and ecological components of the earth’s systems. (natural science competency)

• Access and analyze a complex literature addressing specific topics in environmental studies, and evaluate the usefulness and limitations of individual sources of information. (analytic thinking)

• Demonstrate effective oral and written communication skills. (communication skills).

Academic Advising for the Program Expand and Collapse

Advising is one way to make the most of your university experience. Ask questions, seek advice, and make decisions that work best for you.

To receive advising for this major, contact [e-mail]. Additional information for prospective transfer students can be found in the Transfer Information and Policy section.

Getting Started in the Major: Frosh Expand and Collapse

This is a course-intensive and/or sequential program, and students who intend to pursue this major must begin taking classes for the major in their first year at UC Santa Cruz. Math placement is required for one or more of the foundational courses for this major. For more information, please review the Math Placement website. Language placement is not required for the major.

Transfer Information and Policy Expand and Collapse

Transfer Admission Screening Policy Expand and Collapse

Students who apply for transfer admission to the major are required to have taken the equivalents of the following courses with a C grade (2.0) or better by the end of the spring term for students planning to enter in the fall:

One of the following:

ENVS 23 or a general chemistry course.

Plus the following course:

ECON 1

Introductory Microeconomics: Resource Allocation and Market Structure

5

Plus one of the following:

ENVS 25

or

A course in national or international politics

Plus one of the following courses:

AM 11A /ECON 11A	Mathematical Methods for Economists I	5
MATH 11A	Calculus with Applications	5
MATH 19A	Calculus for Science, Engineering, and Mathematics	5

Recommended Courses

In addition, the following courses are recommended prior to transfer to ensure timely graduation. 

The following courses:

ECON 2	Introductory Macroeconomics: Aggregate Economic Activity	5
AM 11B /ECON 11B	Mathematical Methods for Economists II	5
STAT 17	Statistical Methods for Business and Economics	5
STAT 17L	Statistical Methods for Business and Economics Laboratory	2

Plus one of the following courses:

BIOE 20C	Ecology and Evolution	5
ENVS 24	General Ecology	5

Plus one of the following courses:

ANTH 2	Introduction to Cultural Anthropology	5
BME 80G /PHIL 80G	Bioethics in the 21st Century: Science, Business, and Society	5
PHIL 22	Introduction to Ethical Theory	5
PHIL 24	Introduction to Ethics: Contemporary Moral Issues	5
PHIL 28	Environmental Ethics	5
SOCY 1	Introduction to Sociology	5
SOCY 10	Issues and Problems in American Society	5
SOCY 15	World Society	5

GPA Requirement

To be considered for admission in the ENVS/ECON major, transfer students must pass the preceding courses or their equivalents of the following courses with a C (2.0) or better in the required courses.

General Education (GEs)

Prospective students are encouraged to prioritize required and recommended major preparation, and may additionally complete courses that articulate to UC Santa Cruz general education requirements as time allows.

Getting Started in the Major: Transfer Students Expand and Collapse

Transfer students pursuing any of the environmental studies majors are encouraged to transfer in the fall quarter.

Transfer students should complete as many lower-division courses as possible before transferring. All remaining lower-division requirements should be completed in summer, fall, and winter of the first year in order to start upper divisions in winter or spring of the first year. Transfer students can formally declare their major once qualification courses are successfully completed, following the declaration steps on the ENVS department website. 

ENVS 25 and ENVS 23 are usually offered during Summer Session at UC Santa Cruz, and transfer students are encouraged to take them if they have not completed a substitute requirement or want a better understanding of the relevant material. If you are transferring, compare catalog descriptions, consult your current institution's advisor, and refer to the ASSIST website to determine equivalency. Prospective transfer students should review the transfer information.

Students who are proposed in a different major and have advanced standing when they come to UC Santa Cruz require permission from the department to change into the major. Contact [e-mail] to request permission.

Major Qualification Policy and Declaration Process Expand and Collapse

Major Qualification Expand and Collapse

To qualify for the environmental studies/economics combined major, students must complete the specific courses listed below, or their approved equivalents. 

For transfer requirements, see Transfer Admission Screening Requirements. Transfer students must have ENVS major listed on their application in order to pursue the major, unless approved by exception. If a student has questions about this, they should contact [e-mail].

One of the following courses:

ENVS 23	The Physical and Chemical Environment	5
CHEM 3B	General Chemistry	3
CHEM 1A	General Chemistry	5

Plus one of the following courses:

ENVS 24	General Ecology	5
BIOE 20C	Ecology and Evolution	5

Plus all of the following courses:

ENVS 25	Environmental Politics, Economics and Justice	5
ECON 1	Introductory Microeconomics: Resource Allocation and Market Structure	5
AM 11A /ECON 11A	Mathematical Methods for Economists I	5
STAT 17	Statistical Methods for Business and Economics	5
STAT 17L	Statistical Methods for Business and Economics Laboratory	2

Determining Qualification

• Students who complete all the qualification courses with a grade of P, or letter grade of C or better are qualified to declare the major.

• Students who have received one grade of C-, D+, D, D-, or F in one of the qualification courses taken at UC Santa Cruz will only be qualified to declare the major after successfully completing the same or an equivalent course with a letter grade of C or better.

• Students with two or more grades of C-, D+, D, D-, or F in the qualification courses taken at UC Santa Cruz are not qualified to declare the major.

• Students with AP credit (score of 3 or higher) for any of the qualification course(s) are qualified to declare after successfully completing the remaining qualification courses.

Appeal Process Expand and Collapse

Students who are not qualified to declare the major may appeal this decision by submitting an appeal to qualify for the major within 15 days of the denial of the declaration. Within 15 days of receipt of the appeal, the department will notify the student and college of the decision. If a student has questions about the appeals process, they should contact [e-mail].

How to Declare a Major Expand and Collapse

Petition to declare your major as soon as you have met qualification requirements and/or reach your declaration deadline quarter, whichever comes first.

Students wishing to declare ENVS/ECON should visit the Environmental Studies Department website and follow declaration steps. 

Letter Grade Policy Expand and Collapse

This program does not have a letter grade policy, except that the senior comprehensive requirement must be taken for a letter grade.

Course Substitution Policy Expand and Collapse

Students pursuing the environmental studies/economics combined major cannot substitute courses to count toward their upper-division electives.

Study Abroad Expand and Collapse

Students in environmental studies are encouraged to participate in Study Abroad programs and other off-campus programs. Students who are interested in these programs shall note the following policies:

• Students planning to study abroad must be declared in their major prior to
  studying abroad.
• Students must have their courses they plan to take abroad reviewed and
  approved by Environmental Studies Advising.
• Environmental studies combined majors cannot petition their courses
  taken abroad for upper division course substitution.
• For more information on EAP, please visit the UC Education Abroad Program
  website.

Honors Expand and Collapse

Departmental Honors. Students must have a 3.5 grade point average (GPA) in all courses used to satisfy the environmental studies upper-division requirements. To be considered for departmental honors, students are limited to no more than one grade of P in those upper-division courses.

Senior Comprehensive Honors. Only applicable to a senior thesis, senior internship, or individual work in a senior seminar. Honors must be nominated by the student’s faculty sponsor, and a second faculty member must confer.

Highest Departmental Honors. Students must have a 3.75 grade point average (GPA) in in all courses used to satisfy the environmental studies upper-division requirements and must also receive senior comprehensive honors (see above). To be considered for highest departmental honors, students are limited to no more than one grade of P in those upper-division courses.

Students must fulfill all requirements for honors from both the Environmental Studies and Economics departments to receive honors.

Requirements and Planners

Close All

Open All

Course Requirements Expand and Collapse

Lower-Division Courses Expand and Collapse

All of the following courses:

ECON 1	Introductory Microeconomics: Resource Allocation and Market Structure	5
ECON 2	Introductory Macroeconomics: Aggregate Economic Activity	5
ENVS 25	Environmental Politics, Economics and Justice	5
STAT 17	Statistical Methods for Business and Economics	5
STAT 17L	Statistical Methods for Business and Economics Laboratory	2

Plus one of the following courses:

ENVS 23	The Physical and Chemical Environment	5
CHEM 3B	General Chemistry	3
CHEM 1A	General Chemistry	5

Plus one of the following courses:

ENVS 24	General Ecology	5
BIOE 20C	Ecology and Evolution	5

Plus one of the following calculus series:

We encourage all ENVS/ECON students to do the AM 11A & AM 11B series. However, the other options will suffice.

	Either these courses
AM 11A /ECON 11A	Mathematical Methods for Economists I	5
AM 11B /ECON 11B	Mathematical Methods for Economists II	5
	or these courses
MATH 11A	Calculus with Applications	5
AM 11B /ECON 11B	Mathematical Methods for Economists II	5
	or these courses
MATH 19A	Calculus for Science, Engineering, and Mathematics	5
MATH 19B	Calculus for Science, Engineering, and Mathematics	5
MATH 23A	Vector Calculus	5
	or these courses
MATH 11A	Calculus with Applications	5
MATH 11B	Calculus with Applications	5
MATH 22	Introduction to Calculus of Several Variables	5

Plus one of the following courses:

ANTH 2	Introduction to Cultural Anthropology	5
BME 80G /PHIL 80G	Bioethics in the 21st Century: Science, Business, and Society	5
PHIL 22	Introduction to Ethical Theory	5
PHIL 24	Introduction to Ethics: Contemporary Moral Issues	5
PHIL 28	Environmental Ethics	5
SOCY 1	Introduction to Sociology	5
SOCY 10	Issues and Problems in American Society	5
SOCY 15	World Society	5

Upper-Division Courses Expand and Collapse

One of the following courses:

ECON 100A	Intermediate Microeconomics	5
ECON 100M	Intermediate Microeconomics, Math Intensive	5

Plus all of the following courses:

ECON 113	Introduction to Econometrics	5
ENVS 100	Ecology and Society	3
ENVS 100L	Ecology and Society Writing Laboratory	5

Electives Expand and Collapse

Six upper-division elective courses, three in economics and three in environmental studies.

Three ECON electives from the following list:

ECON 100B	Intermediate Macroeconomics	5
ECON 100N	Intermediate Macroeconomics, Math Intensive	5
ECON 101	Managerial Economics	5
ECON 114	Advanced Quantitative Methods	6
ECON 115	Introduction to Management Sciences	5
ECON 120	Development Economics	5
ECON 128 /LGST 128	Poverty and Public Policy	5
ECON 130	Money and Banking	5
ECON 131	International Financial Markets	5
ECON 133	Security Markets and Financial Institutions	5
ECON 135	Corporate Finance	5
ECON 136	Business Strategy	5
ECON 138	The Economics and Management of Technology and Innovation	5
ECON 139A	The Economics of Electronic Commerce	5
ECON 139B	E-Commerce Strategy	5
ECON 140	International Trade	5
ECON 141	International Finance	5
ECON 142	Advanced Topics in International Economics	5
ECON 150	Public Finance	5
ECON 156	Health Economics and Policy	5
ECON 159	The Economics of Organizations	5
ECON 160A /LGST 160A	Industrial Organization	5
ECON 160B	Government and Industry	5
ECON 161A	Marketing	5
ECON 162 /LGST 162	Legal Environment of Business	5
ECON 165	Economics as an Experimental Science	5
ECON 169 /LGST 169	Economic Analysis of the Law	5
ECON 170	Environmental Economics	5
ECON 175	Energy Economics	5
ECON 180	Labor Economics	5
ECON 183 /LGST 183	Women in the Economy	5

Environmental studies electives

Three ENVS electives are required. At least one of those must be chosen from the following list of natural science electives. Lecture/lab combinations count as one course. 

ENVS 104A	Introduction to Environmental Field Methods	5
ENVS 104L	Field Methods Laboratory	2
ENVS 106A	Natural History of Birds	5
ENVS 107A	Natural History Field Quarter	5
ENVS 107B	Natural History Field Quarter	5
ENVS 107C	Natural History Field Quarter	5
ENVS 108	General Entomology	5
ENVS 108L	General Entomology Laboratory	3
BIOE 151A /ENVS 109A	Ecology and Conservation in Practice Supercourse: Ecological Field Methods	5
BIOE 151B /ENVS 109B	Ecology and Conservation in Practice Supercourse: Ecological Field Methods Laboratory	5
BIOE 151C /ENVS 109C	Ecology and Conservation in Practice Supercourse: Functions and Processes of Terrestrial Ecosystems	5
BIOE 151D /ENVS 109D	Ecology and Conservation in Practice Supercourse: Conservation in Practice	4
ENVS 120	Conservation Biology	5
ENVS 122	Tropical Ecology and Conservation	5
ENVS 123	Animal Ecology and Conservation	5
BIOE 125 /ENVS 125	Ecosystems of California	5
ENVS 130A	Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture	5
ENVS 130L	Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture Laboratory	2
ENVS 130C	Field Experiences in Agroecology and Sustainable Food	5
ENVS 131	Insect Ecology	5
ENVS 133	Agroecology Practicum	5
ENVS 135	Sustainable Aquaculture	5
ENVS 160	Restoration Ecology	5
ENVS 161A	Soils and Plant Nutrition	5
ENVS 162	Plant Physiological Ecology	5
ENVS 162L	Plant Physiological Ecology Laboratory	2
ENVS 163	Plant Disease Ecology	5
ENVS 163L	Plant Disease Ecology Lab	2
ENVS 164	Projects and Practices in Soil Ecology	5
ENVS 166	Agroecosystem Analysis and Watershed Management	5
ENVS 167	Freshwater and Wetland Ecology	5
ENVS 167L	Freshwater and Wetland Ecology Lab	2
ENVS 168	Biogeochemistry and the Global Environment	5
ENVS 169	Climate Change Ecology	5
ENVS 170	Agriculture and Climate Change	5

None of the three environmental studies upper-division courses can be an environmental studies internship, individual study or substitution course.

Disciplinary Communication (DC) Requirement Expand and Collapse

Students of every major must satisfy that major's upper-division Disciplinary Communication (DC) requirement. The DC requirement for the environmental studies/economics combined major is satisfied by completing:

The following courses:

ENVS 100	Ecology and Society	3
ENVS 100L	Ecology and Society Writing Laboratory	5

Plus one of the following:

BIOE 151B /ENVS 109B	Ecology and Conservation in Practice Supercourse: Ecological Field Methods Laboratory	5
ENVS 183B	Senior Internship	5
ENVS 190	Capstone Course: Environmental Problem Solving	5
ENVS 195B	Senior Thesis Group	5
ENVS 196	Senior Seminar	5

Students taking the cross-listed course BIOE 151B/ENVS 109B are recommended to enroll in ENVS 109B.

ENVS 183B and ENVS 195B are usually taken after successfully completing ENVS 183A and ENVS 195A respectively.

Comprehensive Requirement Expand and Collapse

Students satisfy the senior comprehensive requirement by completing both of the following:

• One of the senior exit options for environmental studies B.A.
• Pass those portions of the economics comprehensive examination administered in ECON 100A and ECON 113.

The senior comprehensive may be satisfied by completing one of the options listed below. All courses used to satisfy the senior comprehensive requirement must be taken for a letter grade.

Before enrolling in the senior thesis or senior internship option, students must formally apply to work with a particular faculty mentor very early in their thesis or project preparation. The senior thesis and senior internship option require careful planning, additional independent research, and at least a two-quarter commitment.

Students with advanced skills in one of the graduate focal areas may also take a graduate seminar by invitation from the instructor.

	Either this course
BIOE 151B /ENVS 109B	Ecology and Conservation in Practice Supercourse: Ecological Field Methods Laboratory	5
	or these courses
ENVS 183A	Senior Internship	5
ENVS 183B	Senior Internship	5
	or this course
ENVS 190	Capstone Course: Environmental Problem Solving	5
	or these courses
ENVS 195A	Senior Research	5
ENVS 195B	Senior Thesis Group	5
	or this course
ENVS 196	Senior Seminar	5

Planners Expand and Collapse

The tables below are for informational purposes and do not reflect all university, general education, and credit requirements. See Undergraduate Graduation Requirements for more information.

The following are two sample academic plans for students pursuing the environmental studies/economics combined B.A. major without a concentration. Plan One is for incoming frosh and Plan Two is for incoming transfer students.

Plan One for Incoming Frosh

	Fall	Winter	Spring	Summer
Entering				College 1A
				Summer Edge (optional)
1st (frosh)	MATH 3 or AM 3	ENVS 25	ENVS 23
	College 1	ECON 1	ECON 2
		WRIT 1/WRIT 1E (if needed)
2nd (soph)	ENVS 24 or BIOE 20C	STAT 7 & STAT 7L	SOCY/ANTH/PHIL course
	AM 11A	AM 11B	ECON 100A or ECON 100M
	WRIT 2**
3rd (junior)	ECON 113	ENVS 100 & ENVS 100L*	Upper-division ENVS (natural science)
		Upper-division ECON	Upper-division ECON
4th (senior)	Upper-division ENVS	Upper-division ENVS	Comprehensive  requirement
	Upper-division ECON

*This course is also offered in the spring term.

** WRIT 2 should be taken in or before spring quarter of the second year.

This planner assumes that a student has placed into MATH 3 or AM 3. 

Students completing this major will have satisfied the SI, IN, PE-E, IS, PE-H, MF, and PR-E general education requirements. In addition, they will need to fulfill all remaining university, college, and general education requirements.

Students interested in taking the senior thesis or senior internship as their comprehensive requirement must take ENVS 195A (thesis) or ENVS 183A (internship) in the quarter before completing ENVS 195B (thesis) or ENVS 183B (internship). Both the senior thesis and senior internship are two consecutive quarter commitments. 

Plan Two for Incoming Transfer Students

	Fall	Winter	Spring	Summer
Entering				KRSG 1T
				Summer Edge (optional)
3rd (junior)	ECON 100A or ECON 100M	ECON 113	Upper-division ENVS (natural sciences)
	STAT 7 & STAT 7L	ENVS 100 & ENVS 100L	Upper-division ECON
4th (senior)	Upper-division ENVS	Upper-division ENVS	Comprehensive requirement
	Upper-division ECON	Upper-division ECON

This planner assumes that a student has completed all required lower-division courses—including UCSC or community college general education requirements.

A transfer student who has completed the requirements for the Intersegmental General Education Transfer Curriculum (IGETC) before matriculating at UC Santa Cruz, with at most two course requirements left to complete, is allowed to satisfy IGETC in lieu of the UCSC general education requirements.

Students interested in taking the senior thesis or senior internship as their comprehensive requirement must take ENVS 195A (thesis) or ENVS 183A (internship) in the quarter before completing ENVS 195B (thesis) or ENVS 183B (internship). Both the senior thesis and senior internship are two consecutive quarter commitments.